Reaction of the US stock market to the political elections - Free Essay Example

METHODOLOGY Secondary data – the data in this research was obtained from journals, articles, research papers and economic letters written by scholars, economist specialists and analysts both from US and other parts of the world as well all featuring the reaction of stock market towards the US political elections. Data was also obtained from CRSP US stock databases encompassing the data in monthly and quarterly basis. It includes historical indexes which serve as benchmarks for the investment community and as a foundation for this research paper. It contains index series that contains portfolios ranked in deciles. STUDY AREA AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION The study is to be carried by reviewing the secondary data sources such as data on economic letters, research papers, articles and journal with data collected by specialists, scholars and experts studying the United States Stock market and its returns. Notably, these analysts can be from US or other parts of America but must study the responsiveness of US markets to political elections. STUDY DESIGN This is political elections and stock market study making use of summarized descriptive statistics to determine the reaction of the US stock market to political reactions. Moreover, the study has made use of hypothesis. Some of these hypotheses include: H1: Available Information on election does not fully incorporate the stock prices. H2: the results of the stock market do not show any democratic or republican premium. H3: The generated abnormal returns and trading volume will be higher for some specific factors. The research will also make use of new political models and also the use interview with Professor Alesina on the question, â€Å"what progress has been made in regard to the development of the new political macroeconomics?† Additionally, we can gauge the reaction of stock market to political elections by gauging the reaction of stock market distribution to political elections using the volatility-event study approach. SAMPLE SIZE The study takes into use the reaction of stock market returns on quarterly basis in percentage from the year 1871 to 1997 and also from 2000 to 2012. SUBJECT The study features the responsiveness of the US stock market to various political elections and presidential heads. CONTROL VARIABLES The variables in this case are not control variables as they keep on changing. ECONOMETRIC MODEL AND EQUATIONS In the methodology chapter I will makes use of formulas, econometric models and equations in an attempt to calculate the relevant stock market returns as witnessed by different political elections. These equations will be of great importance once it comes to the analysis of data on stock returns as a result of different political wings. These formulas include calculation of returns using the formula: Abnormal Returns= Actual Returns minus Expected Returns. More of interest this formula will be used to calculate abnormal volume during the political election periods. Moreover, I will make use of the five factor model by Fama and French in the analysis of the stock market returns. This econometric model makes use of five factors (23) in its computation of market stock returns. These factors include company size, company price-to-book ratio, market risk, profitability and investment. Firstly, it is constructed using the 6 value-weight portfolios formed depending on size and book-to-book-market. Secondary, the 6 value-weight portfolios formed on size and operating profitability, and thirdly the 6 value-weight portfolios formed on size and investment. Particularly, the five-factor model improves the explanatory power of the returns of stocks. Therefore, to use the five factor model one has to take keen note on the following formulas and terms. SMB (Small minus Big) is the average return on the nine small stock portfolios minus the average return on the nine big stock portfolios, SMB (B/M) =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1/3 (Small Value + Small Neutral + Small Growth) 1/3 (Big Value + Big Neutral + Big Growth). SMB (OP) =1/3 (Small Robust + Small Neutral + Small Weak) 1/3 (Big Robust + Big Neutral + Big Weak). SMB (INV) = 1/3 (Small Conservative + Small Neutral + Small Aggressive) 1/3 (Big Conservative + Big Neutral + Big Aggressive). SMB =1/3 (SMB(B/M) + SMB(OP) + SMB(INV) ). HML (High minus Low) is the average return on the two value portfolios minus the average return on the two growth portfolios, HML =1/2 (Small Value + Big Value) 1/2 (Small Growth + Big Growth). RMW (Robust minus Weak) is the average return on the two robust operating profitability portfolios minus the average return on the two weak operating profitability portfolios, RMW =1/2 (Small Robust + Big Robust) 1/2 (Small Weak + Big Weak). CMA (Conservative Minus Aggressive) is the average return on the two conservative investment portfolios minus the average return on the two aggressive investment portfolios, CMA =1/2 (Small Conservative + Big Conservative) 1/2 (Small Aggressive + Big Aggressive). Rm-Rf, the excess return on the market, value-weight return of all CRSP firms incorporated in the US and listed on the NYSE, AMEX, or NASDAQ that have a CRSP share code of 10 or 11 at the beginning of month t, good shares and price data at the beginning of t, and good return data for t minus the one-month Treasury bill rate (from Ibbotson Associates). Also, to test the impact or reaction of stock market as a result of political election can be assessed by use bootstrap methodology of Efron (1979). Similarly, taking into consideration the cumulative abnormal volatility during the election period and then comparing it with the empirical distribution of Cumulative Abnormal Volatility simulated under the null hypothesis could also work. Furthermore, the volatility of the stock market can be estimated by use of regression analysis. Besides, the plotting of a correlation graph could also help to establish the relationship between stock markets and political elections. If a graph of the political year is plotted against the stock market returns and the data scatters from lower left to upper right then we conclude that the two variables are positively correlated and the opposite is true. DATA COLLECTION The data below was collected from articles, journal and research papers written by different experts, political and business expertise as well as economists as it will be shown below in data provided in depth. DATA COLLECTION TOOLS The research study will use secondary data based on data collected by philosophers, business experts, and economists (the articles, journals and economic and research letters are analyzed). STUDY VARIABLES Independent variable Political elections Democratic or Republican presidents Dependent Variable The stock markets The annual Stock Returns INCLUSION CRITERIA The stock market returns of the United States America as a result of political election whether within or outside the country. EXCLUSION CRITERIA The reaction of other countries’ stock market returns as a result of US political elections. LIST OF DATA SOURCES This chapter includes all key areas where the data being studied on the reaction of US stock market in relevance to the political elections can be obtained, found or collected from.   Most of the data in this research paper has been obtained from CRSP US stock databases. A few other research papers have been used to support the data from CRSP US stock database. The CRSP database provides the following set of data of the quarterly returns from the year 1871 to 1997 according to the stock returns registered under the leadership of the different presidents who have been in power since 1871. Republican President Grant 71 72 Grant 73 – 76 Hayes 77    80 Gar/Art 81 84 Harrison 89 92 McKinley 97 00 McKin/RT 01 – 04 Roosevelt 05 – 08 Taft 09-09 – 12 Quarterly Returns (%) 12 -3 23 -1 8 19 12 12 8 Republican President Harding/Cool 21 – 24 Coolidge 25 28 Hoover 29 – 32 Eisenhower 53 -56 Eisenhower 57 -60 Nixon 69 72 Ford 73- 76 Reagan 81 – 84 Reagan 85 – 88 Annual Returns (%) 19 30 -22 24 12 8 5 11 20 Republican Presidents BUSH 89 – 92 Return% 19 Table1. Shows the Average quarterly analysis of the stock market returns from 1871 – 1997 when the Republican Presidents were in power. Graph1. Illustrates the quarterly stock market returns from 1871 – 1997 in percentage under the leadership of Republican Presidents. Democratic Presidents Cleveland 85-88 Cleveland 93-96 Wilson 13 16 Wilson 17 -20 Roosevelt 33-36 Roosevelt 37 -40 Roosevelt 41 -44 DR/Truman 45 -48 Truman 45 -48 Quarterly Stock Returns (%) 9 -3 8 1 34 -4 14 12 23 Democratic Presidents JFK/LBJ 61 – 64 Johnson 65 -68 Carter 77 80 Clinton 93 -96 Clinton 97 Quarterly Stock Returns (%) 15 10 13 17 34 Table 1.0 shows the quarterly stock market returns for democratic presidents for the year 1871-1997 in percentage.(Extracted from FRBSF Economic Letter). Graph 1.0 Illustrates the amount of stock market returns for democratic presidents as from 1871-1997. Also, according to Trevir Nath’s data as on March 1, 2016, data reveals that is a correlation on how the stock market behaves when a US president ascends to power after political elections. Notably, it is well known that the stock market has performed well under the Democratic candidatures. Particularly, The Dow Jones Industrial Average has shown that the average returns of the stock market when the US citizens elect a Democratic president is 82.7% as opposed to the 44.8% average returns which is realized under the election of a Republican leader. iii. Moreover, according to the researches carried by Yale Hirsch, in his journal The Presidential Election Cycle, he exemplified that the stock markets tended to be strongest at the third year of presidency (Krà ¤ussl et al 2014). More data still argues not dictate that the first year that averagely, the SP 500 realizes 17.5% gains in the third year of a president’s first term whereas in the second term it experiences a drastic drop down to 11.5% stock market returns. However this does not mean that year 3 is always the best. It is known that the stock market experiences some volatility in the first year after elections as the market is already trying to adapt to the new changes hence it reports minimal stock market returns. The returns gradually grow to its peak in the second year with the third year registering highest returns. In cases of run off of political elections the returns in the stock market tend to grow sideways as a lot of uncertainties arise. During the final year of an election cycle the average stock market returns fall to 6.1% during the last year of that elections term (http://www.nasdaq.com/article/how-presidential-elections-affect-the-stock-markets-cm586601#ixzz4i6D0wyss). Additionally, according to Presidential approval ratings in the end of each month provided by Gallup database and expressed in a quarterly basis argues that on regular basis, it is easy to try and figure out who is more likely to be elected as the president basing our argument on the 3 months returns of the SP 500 preceding an election. Moreover, if the incumbent president records an increase in index between July and October, then his likelihood of being reelected is high. Also, data based on the president’s approval rating indicate that overally only five presidents in the history of America have registered an equity rise of more than 50% during their terms in office. Of particular importance they include the recent Barack Obama and Bill Clinton. On the other hand Richard Nixon recorded the greatest drop-off of stock market returns in the presidency history of US as it was characterized by Great Depression and the Watergate scandal. Besides, we also use data from the book, â€Å"The Stock, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation Yearbook, 1998, by Ibbotson Associates.† We rely on the annual data collected from 1926-1997 on performance of the stock markets when different political heads have been in power. To make the data more realistic and exemplified we also connect it with some essential stock index data from Cowles Commission presented in Wilson and Jones (1987). Notably, both of the serial documentaries represent a larger view index of total stock returns for a portfolio of large stocks. Therefore, in the year 1926-1956 the index of large stock market returns is SP 90 whereas from 1957-1997 it records index returns of SP 500. Particularly, the period between 1871 and 1925 Cowles index realized the largest stocks in US market, with a sum of 48 in 1870 and rapidly rose to 258 in 1925. Moreover, the findings from FRBSF economic letter coincide with another set of data as reported by Siegel 1994 for the DJIA. From his data the average returns witnessed in the year 1948 and 1992 was 13.4% under the political wing of democrats while the Republicans registered average stock returns of 11.4%. Siegel went further to conclude that the stock market fared well when a democrat leader was in power as compared to when the Republicans were in power. Similarly, that was the case in both nominal and real values. He uses data collected on quarterly basis since viewing it on a broader view reported that the returns are not statistically different. vii. The new political macroeconomics – this sought of data provides the relationship between the political factors arising from a political election and macroeconomic concepts which are very vital in dealing with the stock market returns. It takes key note on the political factors that really affect the business cycles and during the process they end up interfering with the performance of US stock market. Beyond, they include factors such as conduct and implementation of stabilization policies, inflation, budget deficits among others.   (Alesina, 1987). viii. In general data on the reaction of stock market to the political elections from was extracted from voters by rational investors by use of methods such as polls, electoral debate, and synthesis of macroeconomic data. Moreover, according to Dana Anaspach (2016) the stock markets have always had a strong positive correlation with the political elections in The United States of America. The elections have consequently reported more positive impacts to the stock markets as compared to the negative impacts. This idea of Anaspach is later expounded by Marshall D. Nickles in his article known as Presidential Elections and Stock Market Cycles. Furthermore, his data continues to argue that for an investor to realize good stock market returns the best time to invest is on October 1st during the second year of the presidential term and sell on December 31st of the four year and this would attract profitable outcomes. Other specialists who join hands with Marshall on the idea are Junkans, C FA, and their Senior Investment Manager, James P. Estes, PhD, CFP(1) they exemplify   that the average stock   market return in the fourth year of a presidential term is twice that of the return in the first year of a president’s term. The stock market returns of the last recent 17 years are shown below. Table1.1 above Market Returns for the Recent Election Years Since 2000 Data Above is from Dimensional Funds Matrix Book. Stock market volatility around national elections, Jedrzej Bialkowski (2006). This research article gives the major factors that result to the volatility of the stock market as political elections approach. Moreover he tries to exemplify the key determinants of the volatility by constructing a comprehensive set of data variables. Consequently, these variables are meant to provide further insights into the political, institutional, and socio-economic factors which could influence the magnitude of election shocks. To be specific some of the key variables that are very essential include: The number of parties indicates the number of independent political parties involved in the government coalition for parliamentary systems. More specifically, it pays keen attention to the price list of the presidential systems. The parliamentary (dummy variable) – this variable takes into consideration the difference between parliamentary and presidential systems. The margin of victory is defined as the difference between the percentage of popular votes obtained by government coalition and opposition for parliamentary elections, and the corresponding difference between winner and runner-up for presidential races. Orientation (dummy variable) –it shows how responsive the political orientation of the government is. Early Election (dummy variable)- of particular interest elections that are called more than three months before the official end of the tenure of the incumbent administration attracts early high returns in the market hence slow volatilization. Compulsory Voting (dummy variable) it demonstrates some of the countries that have mandatory voting laws to ensure every interest of each citizen is taken care of. In summary, with emergence of well stabilized market forces and control over inflation, the rate of volatilization in stock markets can be overcome. With many specialists dealing timely with the major causal agents of volatility in the stock market returns (Bialkowski et al, 2008).

My Service Learning Project At A Community Outreach Program

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Alternative Sources of Energy Geothermal Essay - 1185 Words

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The New Fuss About Samples of Narrative Essay on Conflict Topics

The New Fuss About Samples of Narrative Essay on Conflict Topics A narrative essay is a chance for you to describe a sequence of events inside your private life. This quick story describes that every race doesn't fit for one another, so that there are numerous failure to apprehend to every race, and it comes many conflicts on them. Share your work with everyone It may get exciting together with scary at the very same time to talk about your narrative essay by means of your family members or friends due to its private nature. The moment of my private failure. The coming of the narrative essay is written either in the initial or third individual. Moreover, each character in the novel seems to play a particular role that is normal of a particular group of men and women in the true Kenyan society. There are a number of exemplification essay topics for college students you could adopt but of course not all of these will be applicable for your undertaking. There are a number of exemplification essay topics for college students you could adopt but, obviously, not all them will be applicable to your undertaking. New Step by Step Roadmap for Samples of Narrative Essay on Conflict Topics If you've got an experience of handling numerous calls, then let them know you're able to manage. Any business is dependent on the characteristic of the service you offer to your customer. To offer you this, you will need to comprehend the consumers need and their problems. Your experience of pure disaster. This question is asked by interviewer to understand what sort of job you're applying for. You must think from their point of view and attempt to fulfill their demands and requirements. You have to first know the problem before you can locate the solution. Based on the scenario, I could do multi-tasking as well and may tackle 1 problem at a moment. The very first important issue to keep in mind about a narrative essay is it tells a story. A personal narrative essay is a sort of essay in which an individual writes about her or his own experiences, typically as a narrative story. The absolute most important thing here is to choose among the finest descriptive essay topics, as failing to select a write topic will prevent you from turning in a terrific essay. There is not only one topic that has to be utilized in writing a personal narrative essay, since most writers choose a topic that has particular meaning in their opinion. There's no need to discover extraordinary stories to compose a narrative essay that's interesting to read. Rare or exceptional occasions of your life has to be cited in your essay since this is the heart of a personal narrative essay. These experiences can offer some fantastic narrative essays if you're able to tap into those emotions. Thus, to write a great essay you've got to brainstorm all thoughts concerning your life experiences. Vital Pieces of Samples of Narrative Essay on Conflict Topics Conflicts begin in a way that is constructive, and ends up escalating in a sense that's destructive. The Hunger Games'' is a good example of this sort of narrative conflict. Get the Scoop on Samples of Narrative Essay on Conflict Topics Before You're Too Late If you would like to be certain of the maximum quality of your papers, it's well worth choosing professional writers. With our writers by your side, you ought not worry since they will develop the most effective titles for your papers. The thing about the Sullivan piece is the fact that it's this kind of old-fashioned rendering. The hero has to be absolutely the most tragic personality in the play. There are a large range of suggestions to consider on a wide range of topics, so choose one that best interests you. Even in the event you don't have plenty of experience in any particular field, you can discover wonderful stories that might be a foundation for you narrative essays. You need to use the right mix of facts and creativity to create your narrative essay read great. Expository writing's major objective is to explain. It is difficult to write customized essays mainly because you need to recognize the type initially and then determine how to proceed with this. If you don't find out how to compose a narrative essay, you can make the most of our on-line essay writing service. If you haven't written any narration essays before, you ought to read works of different students to fully grasp how to develop a structure, the way to use your private narrative ideas, and what topics you are able to utilize. A personal narrative essay is just one of the greatest tools to stop social issues which are frequently disregarded. You're experienced then not a problem. As a consequence, the choice of topic doesn't matter as the writer should keep in mind that everything is under his control in a narrative essay. Observing the outline will allow you to compose a high-quality essay and diagram from this guide can function as a visual clue you may use to compose your work. Just take a look at a number of the exemplification essay topics out there in our exemplification essay topics list. Samples of Narrative Essay on Conflict Topics Fundamentals Explained This sort of tragedy is basically a one-man show. A tragic hero is among the most important elements of a Shakespearean tragedy. It's very like a brief story as it also comprises characters, plot, setting in addition to symbolism. There are lots of stories which don't fit in the monomyth in the slightest. Make certain you understand the significant questions of your topic to concentrate on the main moments. When you're in a conversation, have a moment to consider about which conversation you are in reality in. You don't need to opt for a wide topic with lots of of characters. Attempt to highlight the most significant moments.

Animal Farm Social Criticism Essay Example For Students

Animal Farm Social Criticism Essay Animal Farm Social CriticismWriters often use social criticism in their books to show corruptness or weak points of a group in society. One way of doing this is allegory which is a story in which figures and actions are symbols of general truths. George Orwell is an example of an author who uses allegory to show a social criticism effectively. As in his novel Animal Farm, Orwell makes a parody of Soviet Communism as demonstrated by Animal Farms brutal totalitarian rule, manipulated and exploited working class, and the pigs evolution into the capitalists they initially opposed. Totalitarianism is a political regime based on subordination of the individual to the state and strict control of all aspects of life. It was used by Stalin and the Bolsheviks in Russia during the 1920s and 30s and is parodied in Animal Farm by Napoleon, the almighty leader, and his fellow pigs and their ridiculous propaganda and rigorous rule. In the book, Napoleon is deified and made superior to all other an imals on the farm, for example he is called emperor or leader while everyone else was referred to as a comrade, and all the pigs were given higher authority then the rest of the animals. An inequality between the pigs and rest of the farm was that the pigs lived in the farm house while the other majority had to sleep in pastures. A certain pig Squealer who could turn black into white was in charge of propaganda, and he would often change the commandments of the farm so that they would fit the actions of Napoleon or the upper class of the farm which was supposedly classless. For example, at one time a commandment read No animal shall drink alcohol(P. 75), but soon after Napoleon drank an abundance and almost died the commandment was changed to No animal shall drink to excess. which made it seem as though Napoleon was within the rules. Another instance where Napoleon showed severe rule was when everyone on the farm who had either pledged for or showed support at one time for Snowball, the exiled former leader, was executed on the spot. This act was a humorous resemblance of The Great Purge in Russia where all opposition was killed off. The governing system of the Animal Farm was truly corrupt, but it did not stop with the propaganda and executions. We will write a custom essay on Animal Farm Social Criticism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At first on the Animal Farm, it was promised to the majority of the animals who were neither Napoleon or a pig, or the so-called working class, that from each according to his ability to each according to his needs, no more, no less. In other words, if all the animals worked to their capabilities they would get the work back in rations. This system worked for a while, but stopped when Napoleon and his Totalitarian government took over, and the system was manipulated. Napoleon and his fellow pigs gave the animals unfair hours of labor and unfair rations for their work which corrupted the.. system. Napoleon attempted to keep the animals intact by inspiring them with slogans, Napoleon is always right. and I will work harder.(P.40) This seemed to work because no animal would refuse to do their job because of the fear of their food supply being cut as a penalty. As an example, Napoleon announced that all animals would have to work voluntary Sunday afternoons, but any animal who absented h imself from it would have his ration reduced by half(P. 42). Napoleon gave the animals long, many hour days so that the farm could move toward industrialization with the building of a windmill, much like The Five Year Plan of Russia. This act was made comical because much like in Russia the plan kept on failing, but the government proceeded in actions anyway. The so-called working class of the Animal Farm which at first had a bright future was turned into more of a slave class. Animal Farm started with a dream, a dream of old Majors which was for the animals of England specifically the Manor Farm to rebel against the humans, take over the farm, and live at peace amongst themselves. This dream soon became a reality for the animals of the Manor Farm as they defeated their master, Mr. Jones, in the Battle of Cowshed with their battle cry Four legs good, two legs bad, and took over the farm which they renamed Animal Farm. The first leader was Snowball who ruled along with his fellow pig s and kept Majors dream alive, only to be expelled from the farm soon after he took over. The next leader was Napoleon, who brought a whole new type of Totalitarianist government to the Animal Farm. The farm which was supposed to be equal and free of class had a distinct governing body or upper class with the pigs and a distinct working class or majority which was everyone, but the pigs. The working class was manipulated and old Majors dream was going away. Eventually, the seven commandments which were set forth at the beginning were changed in to one commandment that read All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. Indeed, the pigs had become like their worst, most hated enemy, the human, and Majors dream and the hard work of the majority of the animals on the farm had been wiped away much like Lenins dreams for Russia were. .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 , .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .postImageUrl , .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 , .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:hover , .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:visited , .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:active { border:0!important; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:active , .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16 .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b09d79d4d4503bd91cbe5167d99bd16:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Parthenon of Greece EssayIn fact, Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution were alike in many ways. Both started with bright ideas for a future and ended with a corrupt government taking over only to turn the colony into what it initially opposed. The setting of a farm with animals to represent revolutionary figures in an extreme country seems outrageous, but the idea can be perceived very well in this novel. Orwell combines some great humor into this symbolic story to give a bad effect on Russia in the time of its Revolution, making a mockery of Totalitarian rule, the working class, and idealization for the future.